For this to work, you first need to define a “Card” item in your vault. Custom fields allow you to store up to 5,000 characters in additional spaces in any Item type (Login, Card, Identity, or Secure Note). Then click. Custom fields have a name, a value, and a type (text, hidden, and boolean). Quite an ordeal. json (Encrypted), choose the File Type that you would like for the encrypted export: Reorder URI fields. Custom fields in the Bitwarden password manager enable you to add unique data to a login for autofill. Right clicking and selecting “Bitwarden > Copy custom field name” returns “No unique identifier found. And that works ok. One clarification: saving such a form should be available by demand, i. Bitwarden could autocomplete any input fields whose labels contain the name of a custom field. So here are a couple of the fields within 1password that I think Bitwarden custom fields would benefit from. I’m also missing this feature after migrated from Lastpass. The default search on all the Bitwarden apps and clients uses a “Basic Search” format – just type in a string of text, and Bitwarden will look for that string within important fields in your vault entries, such as an item’s Name, a Folder name, a Username, or URI. When a vault item has a corresponding URI, the Bitwarden icon will overlay a. Luckily. Custom fields allow you to store additional, well structured data fields within your vault entries. Adding the custom field with the ID sap-language-dropdown does open this menu for a tiny moment. Custom fields in the Bitwarden password manager enable you to add unique data to a login for autofill. Plus Addressed Email. even if the given form has no username/password fields at all, I should be able to save it in Bitwarden with the fields by invoking a menu. If you are unfamiliar with using URIs, we recommend reading this article. g. This can be context menu on the page, or menu available from Bitwarden icon. This can be context menu on the page, or menu available from. Learn how to create one with just a few clicks. For such fields, it does not matter if you type in the entire string. Auto-fill Custom Fields | Bitwarden Help Center. How to add a custom. For such fields, it does not matter if you type in the entire string. CSV files (in Windows). The second (above, Auto-fill with Bitwarden) will allow you to choose from a list of logins with matching URIs. This can be context menu on the page, or menu available from Bitwarden. The help documentation linked above shows two ways of getting this information. The most important is that I don’t need to fill it manually. Select Import Data from the tools menu. Scroll down to the Custom Fields section, where you’ll see New custom field and a drop-down. If your browser extension is having issues auto-filling usernames and passwords for a particular site, using linked custom fields can force an auto-fill. Custom fields in the Bitwarden password manager enable you to add unique data to a login for autofill. I’m very impressed with custom fields and how useful they are but to have the abilities to pre-populate their custom fields (which could then be tweaked) would be fantastic. Hello, I would like to have a nice name for custom field for readability. This is the workflow for “capturing” custom fields in Bitwarden (it is not automated): This is how you auto-fill credit-card information: For this to work, you first need to define a “Card” item in your vault. After creating all folders manually in “Bitwarden” you also have to manually put the entries into the folders. Using custom fields | Bitwarden Help & Support but, Bitwarden looks using value attribute as auto-fill identifer. Is there a reason for not having such field types available, is there a request for this. Custom fields in the Bitwarden password manager enable you to add unique data to a login for autofill. Learn how to create one with just a few clicks. Paste the value into your new custom field name and then enter the value. Hey @Proxy, the purpose of the Hide Passwords toggle is to reduce the ability for users to see or copy passwords, TOTP seeds, or Hidden custom fields within the Bitwarden environment, instead ensuring an auto-fill experience. At this stage, LastPass will send you an email to confirm the export. This contrast creates balance on a page while also drawing attention to specific. Additionally, if your browser extension is having issues auto-filling usernames and passwords for a particular site, using linked custom fields can force an auto-fill. For more information, see Basic Auth Prompts. Click “Save” in the upper right corner. Click where it says Name, and enter the desired custom field name (in your case, domain). 83 per month Key features. of which only 2 are active at a time. You will see Developer tools, and the exact field's info on the right side/bottom. e. Rename the current “Username” field label to “Email Address / Username”. . 3 stars out of of 5 Pricing: Starts at $0. Learn how to create one with just a few clicks. Ensure if you used the right click method to. As with most things in bitwarden, custom fields is a completely free feature and you. The second (above, Auto-fill with Bitwarden) will allow you to choose from a list of logins with matching URIs. As an example, for some of the items that we will have multiple similar items stored in our Bitwarden Vault, I have created several “Template” style items pre-filled with some notes, custom fields, and generic placeholders. Specify the desired information to be auto-filled (in the above example, a PIN) in the Value field. Within Bitwarden and using the browser extension you can autofill 3 ways: Using a keyboard shortcut: CTRL/CMD + Shift L. Passwords* : This custom field would basically copy completely the fields from the login item, and the reason you would might want this as a custom field, is for accounts you have multiple of. Log-on to the website where you need to use the credit card, navigate to the payment page. daa April 3, 2021, 7:06pm 16 Like in LastPass, you can grab all fields and create a complete card with a lot of informations typed at registering (not only. I should be able to save it in Bitwarden with the fields by invoking a menu. Open Bitwarden and create new login, then add custom field at the bottom and paste in the name and the value; Save that login because it won’t stay open if I go back to the web page; Go back to web page and get next field name, repeat (including the save each time and re-opening the previously saved login each time from Bitwarden). The Bitwarden command-line interface (CLI) is a powerful, fully-featured tool for accessing and managing your vault. It’d be great if the help had a fully worked example. I should be able to save it in Bitwarden with the fields by invoking a menu. Since I was asking about using the CLI, it is probably reasonable to assume I am comfortable with using a terminal. Custom Fields. I’m also missing this feature after migrated from Lastpass. If you want to learn about custom fields, this is the relevant section of the Bitwarden documentation:Bitwarden could autocomplete any input fields whose labels contain the name of a custom field. Feature name Allow custom fields to be exported to CSV into different columns. ~Currently (my understanding) you can only move the order of the custom fields in the Desktop App and on the web vault, but this feature is not available on mobile, neither. On the vault export page, choose a File Format ( . Select Tools from the top navigation bar. And there are no wayы to detect only one item via Bitwarden custom fields. It is important to understand these differences, since they will help you develop a more. Users can select from one of four types to create a custom field (text, hidden, boolean, or linked). +100 to all the above. even if the given form has no username/password fields at all, I should be able to save it in Bitwarden with the fields by invoking a menu. The values I have already tried are: D, d, DE, de, De, G, g, GERMAN, german, German On a side note: Bitwarden works great to fill in the forms with standard yadda yadda within SAP if you (have to. The main benefit of this request is that multiple login entries could be cleaned up and condensed to a single row. 0. I would like to define my custom fields as Text, Url, Phone, Email, Username, Password, Date,. This allows the user ease of updating one central piece of data. One clarification: saving such a form should be available by demand, i. swell January 12, 2023, 11:27am 7. However, the desired item German DE … It would be nice (and not very difficult I think) to automate the process of collecting all the form fields’ names and their values in one go, and save that into the vault as a login or identity. I've now fixed this entry in my own Bitwarden vault, so that it automatically fills in all three elements. OK, but OP’s request would (in my opinion) be met by the previously requested feature “Customizable vault item types”. e. Set this identifies as the “name” of the custom field, and set the data that you want to. Some website pages have multiple form elements with same name, for example login form in site header, and same form in content area. For logins, username For logins, URI For cards, brand or last four digits of the number For identities, name For your convenience, basic searches automatically include. I use Alias-Email addresses for most of my account creation, and it can be hard to keep track of these, if they are not included in a password. Custom fields, available for any vault item type, allow you to store additional well-structured data fields for a vault item. Apparently, Bitwarden import process will import any content within the Keepass’ protected elements/fields to Notes section if it encounters any CR LF (Carriage Return Linefeed) special characters which is a normal text files lines termination characters, in my case is within the exported Keepass 2. You would be able to add multiple custom fields and then point them all to %Address. This may lead to some. ) are available from the CLI. The first thing we'll do is create a standard custom field (one not used for auto-population). Using the new context menu. This exists in many other password managers and is very practical to have. You can usually just check out the list in the code (like this example for a state) and add a custom field - in this case the field name would be ‘state’ and the value for the field would be the 2. Click where it says Name, and enter the desired custom field name (in your case, domain ). For such fields, it does not matter if you type in the entire string. Bitwarden could autocomplete any input fields whose labels contain the name of a custom field. Using linked custom fields. Click where it says Value, and enter the domain value that should be auto-filled. I was a little gobsmacked to find out that I had to lookup the input id to create a custom input form entry for a government site that I visited this morning that had two input fields of type password. Bitwarden could then make the connection and fill in the field. When I submit from the Bitwarden browser extension (macOS Safari 13. Was thinking I can sit on it for a few. Click where it says Value, and enter the domain value that should be auto-filled. I don’t see it in any of the documentation yet. I was not aware of that little trick. Learn how to create one with just a few clicks. These four options are described at the very beginning of the Custom Fields documentation that was linked by @dh024: Text: Field value stores a freeform input (text, numbers, and more). I’m also missing this feature after migrated from Lastpass. This can be context menu on the page, or menu available from Bitwarden. SZR. Free version with unlimited password storage. com) of the page in the open browser tab and finds any vault items with corresponding URIs. For such fields, it does not matter if you type in the entire string. This can be context menu on the page, or menu available from. For solve this problem will be good to allow fill DOM elements selectors for locate only needed elements to auto-fill. For your convenience, basic searches automatically include leading and trailing wildcards. fill in a form and save all fields, auto detect custom field id’s or whatever. Bitwarden mistakenly fills the password into. With the context menu feature, simply right click the field, select the Bitwarden sub-menu, then click on Copy Custom Field Name. Auto-fill Cards & Identities | Bitwarden Help Center. Currently, we have about 22 Rows. e. The first thing you must do is click the drop-down and select from. ID Number -- Other apps like Authy have an "ID", which is not used in normal workflows, plus a phone number used for registering with that app. Bitwarden Community Forums. Then after logging in BitWarden did not recognize this additional activity. even if the given form has no username/password fields at all, I should be able to save it in Bitwarden with the fields by invoking a menu. Something like . e. Feature Requests. For solve this problem will be good to allow fill DOM elements selectors for locate only needed elements to auto-fill. Currently only in browser but there was some PR chat on me helping bring this to other platforms. json, . Open the site. Unfortunately, we just canceled our Bitwarden account and switched to Keeper. I’m very impressed with custom fields and how useful they are but to have the abilities to pre-populate their custom fields (which could then be tweaked) would be fantastic. Actual Bitwarden supports 4 types: Login Card Identity Secure Note WiFi License/ID Software Keys CreditCard/Banking Accounts Insurance It would be great if there are more types like WLAN, Tax number… (Yes its possible to to this via custom fields but i my opinion, predefined fields are more usable) important things that needs to save. csv, or . I’m also missing this feature after migrated from Lastpass. You probably know that you can add custom fields; but if you call them the same as the element id or the element name, then they will automatically autofill. One clarification: saving such a form should be available by demand, i. , 48 character) random string and paste. Bitwarden offers four types of custom fields: Text - stores freeform values, which can be text, numbers, etc. These fields could be security questions, PINs, or anything else. Tap the Auto-fill Services option. Some website pages have multiple form elements with same name, for example login form in site header, and same form in content area. I’ve posted an issue to github here in reference to Chad Scharf making a comment on the large issue about autofill not working properly, stating that a simple way for a few sites that follow unusual conventions for credential fields is to use the custom fields that Bitwarden offers. Custom Fields in Bitwarden can be a super helpful. I’m also missing this feature after migrated from Lastpass. that we would like to add to Bitwarden, I couldn’t find any information on the maximum number of custom fields I can add to Bitwarden via JSON file or CSV. The default search on all the Bitwarden apps and clients uses a “Basic Search” format – just type in a string of text, and Bitwarden will look for that string within important fields in your vault entries, such as an item’s Name, a Folder name, a Username, or URI. When the value in the fields column must contain name/value pairs for more than one custom field, then each such name/value pair should separated by a linefeed character (LF = ASCII character 0x0A); if manually editing a . Bitwarden could then make the connection and fill in the field. These names are searched for using the following criteria:Custom fields in the Bitwarden password manager enable you to add unique data to a login for autofill. I’ve posted an issue to github here in reference to Chad Scharf making a comment on the large issue about autofill not working properly, stating that a simple way for a few sites that follow unusual conventions for credential fields is to use the custom fields that Bitwarden offers. And there are no wayы to detect only one item via Bitwarden custom fields. Bitwarden will run through the code and find the right ID/Name for the field and save it to. If a field is left blank, do not show that blank field when viewing the read-only item (outside of Edit mode). This should autofill the fields on the payment page of the. Depending on your browser, your data will either be automatically saved as a. This can be context menu on the page, or menu available from Bitwarden. This can be context menu on the page, or menu available from Bitwarden. g. Depending on the name you give your custom field, Bitwarden will attempt to auto-fill the custom field’s value for you. Click the icon to the left of where it says “New custom field”. Chrisch3n December 7, 2022, 11:32am So in desktop you have to see which of the two password fields Bitwarden recongnizes as the default password, and create a custom field for the other one. 2), the Last Name and password get filled in, but my AAdvantage number does not. For such fields, it does not matter if you type in the entire string. They provide all the functionality that’s missing here (aka, custom password templates. The default search on all the Bitwarden apps and clients uses a “Basic Search” format – just type in a string of text, and Bitwarden will look for that string within important fields in your vault entries, such as an item’s Name, a Folder name, a Username, or URI. Luckily Firefox browser on Android has addons and one of the available addons is Bitwarden! So just install it using Firefox menu and when you need to fill custom fields use Firefox. For such fields, it does not matter if you type in the entire string. Custom Fields. Regardless of the password manager, once a credential is pasted into a web. Learn how to create one with just a few clicks. Toggle the Auto-fill Service option. With this release Bitwarden now has a new option for Copy Custom Field Name in the context, or right-click, menu in browsers. Basic Search. Is there a reason for not having such field types available, is there a request for. Open the vault login item for editing, and scroll down to the “Custom Fields” area. Custom fields in the Bitwarden password manager enable you to add unique data to a login for autofill. Custom fields are contained within a single text string (using the double-quote " as a separator). Select custom field type. tgreer. Anyway, as ever, Bitwarden has us covered. During import, Bitwarden could create custom templates to match exactly what is imported, rather than the current behavior of just adding “custom fields” to a built-in template. Basic Search. Users can. As a simple user, I usually fill some forms repeatedly on sites that not good at UI/UX, such as shipment addresses, additional info, some government site forms, non-standard inputs, a lot of different checkboxes, selects and so on… There is a lot of sites where login or password is not standard elements and simple parsing. We’re about due for a release announcement so maybe some new features coming soon. Tx for that. These fields could be security questions, PINs, or anything else. When I submit from the Bitwarden browser extension (macOS Safari 13. Custom fields in the Bitwarden password manager enable you to add unique data to a login for autofill. Click where it says Name, and enter the desired custom field name (in your case, domain). The custom auto-fill feature is available on browser extension as well but i think the name of the custom-filed should be an exact match , for the extension to detect the custom field. Learn how the autofill capability of the Bitwarden password manager can autofill card details and identity information. This exists in many other password managers and is very practical to have. even if the given form has no username/password fields at all, I should be able to save it in Bitwarden with the fields by invoking a menu. Let's start by creating a brand new entry in a vault. One clarification: saving such a form should be available by demand, i. Feature function What will this feature do differently? As of today the custom fields get exported in CSV into same column and so importing back is a problem for those additional custom fields. csv file in Excel, you can create the LF separators using the Alt+ENTER shortcut. The text field value is the number of seconds elapsed from 1970-01-01 00:00:00. Or it's a website for work where you have to enter a special ID along with the username and password. even if the given form has no username/password fields at all, I should be able to save it in Bitwarden with the fields by invoking a menu. Custom fields in the Bitwarden password manager enable you to add unique data to a login for autofill. e. The alternate way of doing this would be to allow users to add additional fields under the default ID’s at the top. Bitwarden Community Forums Custom Fields and automatic fields parsing (save all entered data). Normally custom fields contain more. ”. ) Touch drag and drop for Custom Fields for iPad/iOS/Android App to re-arrange custom fields in any order you like after creation. I should be able to save it in Bitwarden with the fields by invoking a menu. I’m also missing this feature after migrated from Lastpass. one is the actual password and the other is a set of 6 digits, of which only 2 are active at a time. Chrisch3n December 7, 2022, 11:32am 12. Custom fields in Bitwarden can defined as Text, Bolean or Hidden. of which only 2 are active at a time. Learn how to create one with just a few clicks. e. The URI that has been included in the new vault item (if permitted by the app), can be copied and pasted into any existing. Using the new context menu. Password Manager CLI. Or it's a website for work where you have to enter a special ID along with the username and password. Oddly, I think Bitwarden is too inexpensive. Right clicking on the fields and following the menus to autofill. How I mitigate this is to copy the username to a custom field or a note field. For logins, username. I’m also missing this feature after migrated from Lastpass. This is certainly a no brainer on my part. This is a very important usability feature, devs can figure this out, most regular users would be lost attempting to navigate the inspection of elements to. “Bitwarden” doesn’t detects tags from “1Password” and switches them to folders automatically. app:all. Linked custom fields can be used to solve issues where your browser extension can't auto-fill usernames and passwords for a particular site. When I use bw get item <item-id> for an item which has a notes field entry, it always returns “null” for the notes field. Instead of entering a value for the custom field, the user selects which standard field it should refer to. I should be able to save it in Bitwarden with the fields by invoking a menu. Since I was asking about using the CLI, it is probably reasonable to assume I am comfortable with using a terminal. The default search on all the Bitwarden apps and clients uses a “Basic Search” format – just type in a string of text, and Bitwarden will look for that string within important fields in your vault entries, such as an item’s Name, a Folder name, a Username, or URI. Sometimes the provided html id is not straight forward and I would rather have a better name for my custom fields. It will be perfect if some mechanism based on css rules will be available, for example parsing in order by existence: by id, by numerical order, or for advanced mode. I would like to define my custom fields as Text, Url, Phone, Email, Username, Password, Date, etc. This can be context menu on the page, or menu available from Bitwarden. Ensure if you used the right click method to copy the custom filed name. How to add a custom field in Bitwarden To create and auto-fill a linked custom field: In the Custom Fields section of an item's Edit Item panel, choose Linked from the dropdown and select New Custom Field: Linked Custom Field. This means, if the security question input field uses the question as label, and you use the question as name for your custom field. The default search on all the Bitwarden apps and clients uses a “Basic Search” format – just type in a string of text, and Bitwarden will look for that string within important fields in your vault entries, such as an item’s Name, a Folder name, a Username, or URI. Using the above example of a Custom Field named SecondaryEmail, one could find all entries containing the string hotmail using this search term: >*hotmail*. Learn how to create one with just a few clicks. To import data to your vault: Log in to the web vault at or if self-hosting. For such fields, it does not matter if you type in the entire string. Chrisch3n December 7, 2022, 11:32am 12. SZR. The alternate way of doing this would be to allow users to add additional fields under the default ID’s at the top. As of today the custom fields get exported in CSV into same column and so importing back is a problem for those additional custom fields. Sometimes the provided html id is not straight forward and I would rather have a better name for my custom fields. Bitwarden will run through the code and find the right ID/Name for the field and save it to. SZR. For more see this help article on keyboard shortcuts. Customizable vault item templates. Customizable vault item templates. Click the icon to the left of where it says “New custom field”. This field I would name “Registration Data” and enter there all information about registration. Passwords**** : This custom field would basically copy completely the fields from the login item, and the reason you would might want this as a custom field, is for accounts you have multiple of. Custom item types are on our backlog - but in regard to this, perhaps this is just an extension of that function such that you can have a custom ‘Login’ item type with your preferred fields instead of having to manage custom fields + default types as well as custom item types. Custom fields in Bitwarden can defined as Text, Bolean or Hidden. 2), the Last Name and password get filled in, but my AAdvantage number. Complete the following fields from the drop down menus: Import destination: Select the import destination such as your individual vault or. If you intend to auto-fill custom fields you should name your field based on an identifier from the webpage form. Export from web vault ; From the Manage your Vault section, select the Export option. Tap the Auto-fill Services option. So in desktop you have to see which of the two password fields Bitwarden recongnizes as the default password, and create a custom field for the other one. This is certainly a no brainer on my part. Further, custom fields do not appear at all. Learn how to create one with just a few clicks. Open Bitwarden and create new login, then add custom field at the bottom and paste in the name and the value; Save that login because it won’t stay open if I go back to the web page; Go back to web page and get next field name, repeat (including the save each time and re-opening the previously saved login each time from Bitwarden). even if the given form has no username/password fields at all, I should be able to save it in Bitwarden with the fields by invoking a menu. For future reference, all of the above information is from the Help Center Documentation. so everyone is capable of putting those fields into his templates he needs. However, to add this as a custom field, edit the vault item, scroll down to the Custom Fields section, set the custom field type to “Linked”, then click the + icon. How to add a custom field in Bitwarden What you’ll need: The only things you’ll need for this are the Bitwarden app installed and a valid Bitwarden account. Open the vault login item for editing, and scroll down to the “Custom Fields” area. You would be able to add multiple custom fields and then point them all to %Address. Luckily Firefox browser on Android has addons and one of the available addons is Bitwarden! So just install it using Firefox menu and when you need to fill custom fields use Firefox. I’m very impressed with custom fields and how useful they are but to have the abilities to pre-populate their custom fields (which could then be tweaked) would be fantastic. I think Bitwarden could make an account based storage limit and make the user responsible for clearing old history, since you might want to have history for certain fields. Hi, as a developer I usually fill different huge forms multiple times. As with most things in Bitwarden, custom fields is a completely free feature and you can start using it. Maybe you can try to keep the value of the custom filed as null , if you don’t want to get it auto-filled with other password. json (Encrypted) ). Here are a few tips for getting URIs on iOS and Android apps: iOS apps. One clarification: saving such a form should be available by demand, i. You'll be automatically redirected to an Android. I’m very impressed with custom fields and how useful they are but to have the abilities to pre-populate their custom fields (which could then be tweaked) would be fantastic. This straightforward option finds the ID/name of the field or text box within the HTML code and copies it to the clipboard. even if the given form has no username/password fields at all, I should be able to save it in Bitwarden with the fields by invoking a menu. In Bitwarden, I believe you have Custom Fields for each entry Type. Now the passport number is the only value which I cannot comfortably co… This is a joke, there is no reason not to make every field copyable and should be very easy to implement . Custom field example. e. So, I think in theory you could create anything you want (dog chip# etc. Then, navigate to the third-party website (ex. SZR. and then a custom field of “Last Name” with an entry. Feature Requests. Custom Fields Suggestions. These projects might include. I’m very impressed with custom fields and how useful they are but to have the abilities to pre-populate their custom fields (which could then be tweaked) would be fantastic. For such fields, it does not matter if you type in the entire string. For solve this problem will be good to allow fill DOM elements selectors for locate only needed elements to auto-fill. On the app's login screen, use autofill to open Bitwarden. So, since you say it is possible, please share how one does it. It appears that the Linked Custom fields can only use the id, name, aria-label, or placeholder attributes. I’m very impressed with custom fields and how useful they are but to have the abilities to pre-populate their custom fields (which could then be tweaked) would be fantastic. For example, the name of my account ID field is Account ID. This should autofill the fields on the payment page of the. I’ve posted an issue to github here in reference to Chad Scharf making a comment on the large issue about autofill not working properly, stating that a simple way for a few sites that follow unusual conventions for credential fields is to use the custom fields that Bitwarden offers. Using the default address data as primary point of reference. I was not aware of that little trick. However, the desired item German DE is not selected. This can be context menu on the page, or menu available from Bitwarden icon. Learn how to create one with just a few clicks. Chrisch3n December 7, 2022, 11:32am 12. Obviously for a bank account you want the bank account number. Set the value to “IsFav” for your favorites. Why not class? This would solve my issue and could be a good addition. Learn the steps to create a custom. This was. I should be able to save it in Bitwarden with the fields by invoking a menu. Open the site. Custom fields, available for any vault item type, allow you to store additional well-structured data fields for a vault item. I use Alias-Email addresses for most of my account creation, and it can be hard to keep track of these, if they are not included in a password. filling out the form to check COVID-19 test results). Learn how to create one with just a few clicks. And you can make even better than LastPass if we don’t need to manually do it each time. So here are a couple of the fields within 1password that I think Bitwarden custom fields would benefit from. We show you how to set them up and how they work. You'll be automatically redirected to an Android. Chrisch3n December 7, 2022, 11:32am The custom fields in Bitwarden are super powerful especially if you have to enter more than a username and password on a website. For example, the name of my account ID field is Account ID. Click the icon to the left of where it says “New custom field”. SZR. Customizable vault item templates. Bitwarden Community Forums Exchange position of custom fields and notes. Custom fields allow you to store up to 5,000 characters in additional spaces in any Item type (Login, Card, Identity, or Secure Note). Currently only in browser but there was some PR chat on me helping bring this to other platforms.